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:''Unless otherwise specified, Chinese texts in this article are written in "Traditional Chinese/Simplified Chinese, pinyin" format. In cases where traditional and simplified Chinese characters are identical, the Chinese term is written once.'' The ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' was a Chinese essay used to illustrate a series of stratagems used in politics, war, and civil interaction. ==Origin== The name of the collection comes from the ''Book of Qi'', in its seventh biographical volume, ''Biography of Wáng Jìngzé'' (王敬則傳／王敬则传).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Original Text of the ''Biography of Wáng Jìngzé'', ''Book of Qi'' (Traditional Chinese) )〕 Wáng was a general who had served Southern Qi since the first Emperor Gao of the dynasty. When Emperor Ming came to power and executed many members of the court and royal family for fear that they would threaten his reign, Wáng believed that he would be targeted next and rebelled. As Wáng received news that Xiao Baojuan, son and crown prince of Emperor Ming, had escaped in haste after learning of the rebellion, he commented that "of the thirty-six stratagems of Lord Tán, retreat was his best, you father and son should run for sure."〔"檀公三十六策，走是上計，汝父子唯應急走耳／檀公三十六策，走是上计，汝父子唯应急走耳"〕 Lord Tán here refers to general Tan Daoji of the Liu Song Dynasty, who was forced to retreat after his failed attack on Northern Wei, and Wáng mentioned his name in contempt as an example of cowardice.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Introduction to the ''Thirty-Six Strategies'' (Traditional Chinese) )〕 It should be noted that the number thirty-six was used by Wáng as a figure of speech in this context, and is meant to denote ''numerous stratagems'' instead of any specific number. Wáng's choice of this term was in reference to the I Ching, where six is the number of Yin that shared many characteristics with the dark schemes involved in military strategy. As thirty-six is the square of six, it therefore acted as a metaphor for ''numerous strategies''.〔 Since Wáng was not referring to any thirty-six specific stratagems however, the thirty-six proverbs and their connection to military strategies and tactics are likely to have been created after the fact, with the collection only borrowing its name from Wáng's saying.〔 The ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' have variably been attributed to Sun Tzu from the Spring and Autumn Period of China, or Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms period, but neither are regarded as the true author by historians. Instead, the prevailing view is that the ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' may have originated in both written and oral history, with many different versions compiled by different authors throughout Chinese history. Some stratagems reference occurrences in the time of Sun Bin, approx. 150 years after Sun Wu's death.〔 The original hand-copied paperback that is the basis of the current version was believed to have been discovered in China's Shaanxi province, of an unknown date and author, and put into print by a local publisher in 1941. The ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' only came to the public's attention after a review of it was published in the Chinese Communist Party's Guangming Daily newspaper on September 16, 1961. It was subsequently reprinted and distributed with growing popularity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Exploring the ''Thirty-Six Strategies'' (Simplified Chinese) )〕 The ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' are divided into a preface, six chapters containing six stratagems each, and an afterword that was incomplete with missing text. The first three chapters generally describe tactics for use in advantageous situations, whereas the last three chapters contain stratagems that are more suitable for disadvantageous situations. The original text of the ''Thirty-Six Stratagems'' has a laconic style that is common to Classical Chinese. Each proverb is accompanied by a short comment, no longer than a sentence or two, that explains how said proverb is applicable to military tactics. These 36 Chinese proverbs are related to 36 battle scenarios in Chinese history and folklore, predominantly of the Warring States period and the Three Kingdoms Period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thirty-Six Stratagems」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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